The proposed TOA-STFM is a spatiotemporal image fusion technology that can preserve top-of-atmosphere (TOA) reflectance. By fusing high spatial (Landsat-8SPOT-6)high temporal resolution (Himawari-8) images, the fused 10-minute-6~30-meter-resolution images can solve the problem of existing air quality monitoring techniqueseffectively capture the dynamic changes of air quality in near-real-time.

1. The TOA-STFM is the first work that overcomes the limitation of existing remote sensing spatio-temporal image fusion methods in preserving atmospheric information for AOD retrievals (10-minute-6~30-meter-resolution).
3. Construct the aerosol optical depth (AOD) retrieval model with only 2 to 8 relative error by using high spato-temporal-resolution fused images.

The TOA-STFM has two advantages for industrial applications. First, large scale, accurate,stable air quality information can be applied in air pollution monitoringweather disaster monitoring applications. Second, this technology can be applied in environmental protection agenciessatellite image processing companies, including National Space Organization, SpaceX, Chung Hsing Surveying, LIDAR Technology, Spot Image in France, etc.