1. We used a cardiac differentiation protocol to differentiate human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) into cardiomyocytes (CM). 
2. We used catheter-based infarct surgery to create large myocardial infarction in macaque.
3. Via thoracotomy, we intramuscularly injected hPSC-CMs into infarcted hearts to remuscularize the infarcted heartprovide durable improvement in cardiac function.

Using a catheter-based infarct surgery, we successfully established a large myocardial infarction model in monkeys. Then we performed thoracotomy to intramuscularly inject 1 billion cryopreserved hPSC-CMs into infarcted hearts. Our data demonstrate that remuscularization of the infarcted macaque heart with human myocardium provides durable improvement in left ventricular function.

The mortality rate of end-stage heart failure patients is very high. Very small numbers of patients have the opportunity to undergo heart transplantation, so new therapy is needed. We demonstrate the therapeutic potentialfeasibility of stem cells in ischemic heart disease. And the large animal model of macaques accelerates the feasibility of connecting academic research to clinical trials.